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On this page
- About cocaine and crack
- Short-term effects of cocaine and crack
- Long-term effects of cocaine and crack
- Risks related to cocaine and crack use
- Substance use disorders and withdrawal
About cocaine and crack
Cocaine
Cocaine is also known as:
- C
- rock
- snow
- coke
- blow
It is made from the leaves of the South American coca bush. The leaves are processed into a fine, white powder.
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- sniffed into the nose (snorted)
- dissolved in water and injected into the vein
The effects of cocaine can be different from:
- person to person
- one use to the next
The way cocaine makes people feel depends on many factors, including whether it is:
- snorted
- injected
- smoked
Crack
Crack is the form of cocaine you can smoke.
Cocaine and crack are controlled under Schedule I of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. Activities such as sale, possession or production of these substances are illegal unless authorized for medical, scientific or industrial purposes.
Short-term effects of cocaine and crack
Cocaine and crack are fast-acting drugs. Their effects begin within seconds to minutes of use. Cocaine changes brain chemistry so that people feel a sense of well-being (euphoria).
Mental effects
Short-term mental effects can also include:
- panic
- anxiety
- feeling happy and mentally alert
- having more energy and self-confidence
- paranoid thinking (believing that people want to harm you)
Physical effects
Cocaine and crack both have moderate and severe physical effects.
Moderate effects can include:
- dry mouth
- becoming talkative
- restlessness and irritability
- widened (dilated) pupils of the eyes
- quicker startle reflexes and muscle twitches
- a heightened sense of sight, sound and touch
- a temporary decrease in need for food and sleep
More severe effects can include:
- tremors
- dizziness
- violent behaviour
- nausea and vomiting
- rapid breathing or difficulty breathing (crack)
Long-term effects of cocaine and crack
Long-term cocaine use may cause a range of physical and mental effects.
Mental effects
The longer people use it, the worse the harm to them can be. Over time cocaine can cause physical changes in the brain. Some of these changes may affect your ability to function in life, at work or at school.
Some ongoing mental health effects linked to long-term use can include:
- depression
- sleeping problems
- extreme changes in mood
- erratic or violent behaviour
- feelings of distrust, judgment, jealousy or suspicion (paranoia)
- losing touch with reality (hallucinations, delusions or psychosis)
Physical effects
Cocaine use can also lead to a variety of long-term physical effects.
Lung, nose and breathing problems
Smoking crack is hard on the lungs. Symptoms of long-term crack use may include:
- severe chest pain
- low blood oxygen
- difficulty breathing, such as:
- wheezing
- shortness of breath
- even breathing failure
- collapsed or inflamed lungs that fill up with fluid
- coughing, including coughing up blood from the lungs
People who regularly snort cocaine can develop nose and sinus problems. These include:
- losing the sense of smell
- having frequent nosebleeds
- having a red, chapped or runny nose
- developing frequent nose and sinus infections
- developing a hole in the wall between the nostrils
Heart problems
Cocaine stresses the heart, creating high blood pressure and a fast or irregular heartbeat. This increases the possibility of a heart attack. Even young and healthy people are at risk, especially if they use cocaine and alcohol together.
Cocaine use is also linked with an increased risk of stroke.
Stomach problems
Cocaine use is linked to a range of stomach health issues, including:
- abdominal pain
- nausea and vomiting
- changes in appetite
- ranging between intense hunger to no interest in food, resulting in lack of proper nutrition
- bowel perforation and decay
Other problems
Prolonged cocaine use may also cause other health issues, such as:
- impotence
- males may have difficulty getting an erection
- low libido
- cocaine can cause a sharp decline in sex drive in both men and women
- pregnancy problems
- if pregnant women use cocaine, they risk
- stillbirth
- miscarriage
- premature delivery
- if pregnant women use cocaine, they risk
- bleeding in the brain
- cocaine can cause blood vessels in the brain to burst, which can be fatal
Risks related to cocaine and crack use
The most serious risk of cocaine or crack use is overdose, which can be lethal. Overdose can include:
- seizures or convulsions
- breathing (respiratory) failure
- stroke (loss of proper blood flow to the brain)
- irregular heartbeat, heart attack or heart failure
The amount of cocaine needed to cause an overdose varies.
The possibility of accidental overdose is higher when people do not know exactly what drug they are taking or how strong it is. The risk of overdose also increases with the co-use of other substances such as alcohol or opioids, for example.
Staying at the scene of an overdose is important to help save the life of the person experiencing an overdose. The Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act provides some legal protection for individuals who witness an overdose and call 911 or their local emergency number for help.
There are also risks related to how individuals use the drug. If users inject cocaine, they risk complications such as:
- skin infection
- blood poisoning
- infection of the lining of the heart
If you share drug equipment like needles, pipes or spoons, you also risk infection. Contaminated equipment can spread several serious diseases, such as
The substances cocaine is often mixed (cut) with may produce additional adverse or toxic effects.
There is a significant risk of heart problems, even in younger people without pre-existing cardiovascular conditions.
All risks increase if you consumed crack or cocaine in large amounts over a short period, to stay high for hours or days (bingeing).
Substance use disorders and withdrawal
Cocaine and crack are highly addictive. People with a substance use disorder cannot function without their drug. They also need more and more to get the same effect, because their body builds up tolerance.
If you have a substance use disorder related to cocaine or crack you will experience intense cravings. It is difficult to focus on anything else and eventually, your life can be taken over by the urge to get and use cocaine and crack.
If you stop persistent cocaine use abruptly, you will experience withdrawal symptoms, in addition to cravings for cocaine.
Other withdrawal symptoms can include:
- fatigue
- irritability
- depression
- violent behaviour
- feeling hungry all the time
- difficulty sleeping or disturbed sleep
- loss of physical and mental energy
Cocaine Plays? Meet the Companies With an Angle on Hard Drugs
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By Tiffany Kary
October 2, 2023 at 4:00 AM PDT
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Tiffany Kary shows you how once-illegal drugs like marijuana and psychedelics are becoming big business.
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Welcome to my newsletter on the cannabis and psychedelics industries. This week, I take a look at companies that are positioning themselves to benefit from a potential wave of decriminalization of hard drugs, including cocaine.
‘Safe’ supply?
If “what are you smoking?” used to the be the skeptical response to those who said marijuana would one day be legal in more than 38 US states, the new catchphrase might be “what are you snorting?”
Earlier this month, a Canadian company, Safe Supply Streaming, did a reverse takeover with a psychedelics company in order to prepare for listing on a small-cap stock exchange in Canada. Its thesis is a “third wave” of relaxing drug laws, following those that have opened up use of marijuana and psychedelics. The next wave, the company predicts, will cover hard drugs, like heroin and cocaine.
The company wants to use its “streaming” model to invest in addiction clinics, fentanyl test-strip makers and other businesses that might benefit from such a shift, as well as energy drinks that contain coca leaves (but without cocaine, just like Coca-Cola beverages).
The development shows shifting attitudes toward hard drugs as their decriminalization in places including Oregon and British Columbia has stoked business interest. Early investors tout the idea that just as legal, regulated marijuana was supposed to quash drug crime and obliterate underage use, creating a “safe supply” of hard drugs could do the same — and also solve the problem of fentanyl contamination.
The idea is pitched to appeal to governments desperate for policy solutions to soaring overdose deaths. But it’s bound to generate skepticism. Even the much more widely accepted legalization of marijuana has been showing severe downsides, as seen in problems that have surfaced in Colorado, Washington and New York.
Even without relaxed laws, illegal cocaine production is surging: Colombian cocaine output has soared and is even set to overtake the country’s oil exports. Its illegal use has brought with it corruption across the Americas and the infiltration of one of the world’s top shipping companies.
But Safe Supply Streaming isn’t the only company building a business model around the possibility of more cocaine use — legal or otherwise.
In February, Lucy Scientific Discovery, a Victoria, British Columbia-based company, announced it was looking to expand its licensing to manufacture cocaine, heroin and other drugs. Lucy, which already has Canadian licenses to make limited amounts of psilocybin, MDMA, LSD and mescaline for research, said that “the shift toward a public-health response to the drug crisis will provide greater opportunities for people who use substances to connect with a growing range of harm reduction and treatment options.”
Shares are down 81% since then. The company didn’t immediately return an email seeking comment about its application.
Other companies in Canada are also touting their dealer’s licenses from the country’s health regulator that allow them to provide substances such as cocaine for limited purposes. One, Adastra Holdings, a cannabis company, had to retract a press statement that suggested it could sell cocaine. The mishap led to a class-action lawsuit.
Filament Health, a Vancouver-based company doing research on psychedelic drug candidates, last week announced a $2 million private placement from Negev Capital. According to the company’s regulatory filing, cocaine is among the substances for which it has a dealer’s license.
“At Filament, we believe that a pharmaceutical drug made from coca leaf may have potential for the treatment of several mental-health indications including ADHD,” the company’s co-founder Ben Lightburn said in an emailed response to a question about whether it considered its dealer’s license for cocaine a significant asset. Filament’s license speaks to its high safety standards, he added, and the company recently imported coca leaf from Peru in partnership with the Peruvian government. He said Filament is beginning research on the potential for ADHD treatment.
According to a search of regulatory filings and earnings calls, other companies that make cocaine-related products include Intelligent Bio Solutions, which makes a system to screen for cocaine, opioids and other drugs in the workplace, and Omeros Corp., which is which is working on an oral drug to treat cocaine-use disorder after receiving a grant this year from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Number of the week
- $345 millionThe amount in grants the US government announced last week to combat the fentanyl crisis.
Quote of the week
“Our charges make clear that the Justice Department is attacking every single aspect of the cartels’ operations. That includes going after their suppliers in China who sell fentanyl precursor chemicals to the cartels.”
— Merrick Garland
US attorney general
Garland spoke at a summit of the Drug Enforcement Administration
What you need to know
- The Senate Banking Committee backed legislation that would offer federal protections to banks that offer financial services to cannabis businesses, which is still against the law despite being legal in many states.
- WNBA star Brittney Griner, recently freed from Russia on drug possession charges, was among the attendees at a fundraiser for President Joe Biden on Sept. 28 in Phoenix.
- New York’s cannabis regulator is looking to grant 1,500 new licenses to help alleviate a surplus of marijuana that producers have built up amid a lack of legal channels for sales.
- More than 3,000 New Yorkers died of drug overdoses in 2022, the highest number since the city began keeping records more than two decades ago, as the synthetic opioid fentanyl takes an increasing toll.
- The Associated Press reported on a former lawmaker who was sentenced to prison after admitting he accepted at least $110,000 in bribes when he led a marijuana licensing board.
- Many online cannabis sellers fail to enforce age restrictions on purchases, according to a story in the New York Times.
Know someone else who would like this newsletter? Have them sign up here. And get in touch with any questions, concerns, or news tips.
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